Abstract
Biomedical waste (BMW) is a critical environmental and public health issue in India, generated from hospitals, laboratories, clinics, and research institutions. Improper handling and disposal lead to contamination of soil, water, and air, posing risks to human and ecosystem health. This paper examines the current state of biomedical waste management in India, analyses its environmental impact, and evaluates the implementation status of the Biomedical Waste Management Rules (2016, amended 2018 and 2022). The study emphasizes sustainable waste management practices — segregation, disinfection, recycling, and energy recovery — that are essential for minimizing ecological and health hazards.
